[Consumption of non-standard medication in indigenous health: rational usage?] / Consumo de medicamentos não padronizados na saúde indígena: uso racional?

The study analyzed the consumption of non-standard medication in the health of indigenous peoples, emphasizing the rationality of pharmacotherapy, by conducting a cross-sectional study of secondary data from 2018 and 2019 in the Minas Gerais/Espírito Santo Special Sanitary Indigenous Health Districts. These medicines were classified by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification. Non-parametric tests were applied to compare the origin of prescription and the form of acquisition, assessing access to medication. Rationality was verified through the consumption profile and the therapeutic option in the list of standardized medicines. A total of 104,928 pharmaceutical presentations were consumed, 66,967 (66%) for the alimentary tract and metabolism, 17,705 (17%) for the nervous system, and 12,961 (12%) for the cardiovascular system. With respect to medicines consumed per region, 171 (90%) out of 190 had a therapeutic option. Prescriptions were more from the SUS. Differences were found in the way the medicines were acquired. The study pointed to significant consumption of non-standard medicines, and there may be failings in therapeutic rationality. In indigenous health, ethnocultural and social issues are challenges to access to medicines with rational use.

O estudo analisou o consumo de medicamentos não padronizados na saúde indígena, enfatizando a racionalidade da farmacoterapia, por meio de um estudo transversal dos dados secundários, de 2018 e 2019, no Distrito Especial Sanitário de Saúde Indígena Minas Gerais/Espírito Santo. Esses medicamentos foram classificados pela Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification. Para a comparação da origem de prescrição e da forma de aquisição, empregaram-se testes não paramétricos, avaliando o acesso a medicamentos. Verificou-se a racionalidade por meio do perfil de consumo e da opção terapêutica na lista de medicamentos padronizados. Foram consumidas 104.928 apresentações farmacêuticas, 66.967 (66%) eram para o trato alimentar e o metabolismo; 17.705 (17%) para o sistema nervoso; 12.961 (12%) para o sistema cardiovascular. Quanto aos medicamentos mais consumidos por regiões, 171 (90%) dos 190 apresentavam opção terapêutica. As prescrições foram mais provenientes do SUS. Encontraram-se diferenças na forma de aquisição dos medicamentos. O estudo apontou importante consumo de medicamentos não padronizados, podendo existir falhas na racionalidade terapêutica. Na saúde indígena, questões etnoculturais e sociais constituem desafios para o acesso aos medicamentos com uso racional.

Consumo de medicamentos não padronizados na saúde indígena: uso racional? / Consumption of non-standard medication in indigenous health: rational usage?

Resumo O estudo analisou o consumo de medicamentos não padronizados na saúde indígena, enfatizando a racionalidade da farmacoterapia, por meio de um estudo transversal dos dados secundários, de 2018 e 2019, no Distrito Especial Sanitário de Saúde Indígena Minas Gerais/Espírito Santo. Esses medicamentos foram classificados pela Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification. Para a comparação da origem de prescrição e da forma de aquisição, empregaram-se testes não paramétricos, avaliando o acesso a medicamentos. Verificou-se a racionalidade por meio do perfil de consumo e da opção terapêutica na lista de medicamentos padronizados. Foram consumidas 104.928 apresentações farmacêuticas, 66.967 (66%) eram para o trato alimentar e o metabolismo; 17.705 (17%) para o sistema nervoso; 12.961 (12%) para o sistema cardiovascular. Quanto aos medicamentos mais consumidos por regiões, 171 (90%) dos 190 apresentavam opção terapêutica. As prescrições foram mais provenientes do SUS. Encontraram-se diferenças na forma de aquisição dos medicamentos. O estudo apontou importante consumo de medicamentos não padronizados, podendo existir falhas na racionalidade terapêutica. Na saúde indígena, questões etnoculturais e sociais constituem desafios para o acesso aos medicamentos com uso racional.

Abstract The study analyzed the consumption of non-standard medication in the health of indigenous peoples, emphasizing the rationality of pharmacotherapy, by conducting a cross-sectional study of secondary data from 2018 and 2019 in the Minas Gerais/Espírito Santo Special Sanitary Indigenous Health Districts. These medicines were classified by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification. Non-parametric tests were applied to compare the origin of prescription and the form of acquisition, assessing access to medication. Rationality was verified through the consumption profile and the therapeutic option in the list of standardized medicines. A total of 104,928 pharmaceutical presentations were consumed, 66,967 (66%) for the alimentary tract and metabolism, 17,705 (17%) for the nervous system, and 12,961 (12%) for the cardiovascular system. With respect to medicines consumed per region, 171 (90%) out of 190 had a therapeutic option. Prescriptions were more from the SUS. Differences were found in the way the medicines were acquired. The study pointed to significant consumption of non-standard medicines, and there may be failings in therapeutic rationality. In indigenous health, ethnocultural and social issues are challenges to access to medicines with rational use.

Association between executive functions and gross motor skills in overweight/obese and eutrophic preschoolers: cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Preschool age (3-5 years old) is a crucial period for children to acquire gross motor skills and develop executive functions (EFs). However, the association between the qualitative gross motor skills and EFs remains unknown in preschoolers, especially among overweight and obese children. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, exploratory, and quantitative study carried out on 49 preschool children, divided into two subgroups according to their body mass index (overweight/obese: 24; eutrophic [normal weight]: 25). The mean age was 4.59 years. More than half of the sample were boys (55%) and most of the mothers had completed high school (67%) and were class C socioeconomic level (63%). Gross motor skills were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2, while EFs were evaluated using Semantic verbal fluency (SVF), Tower of Hanoi (TH), Day/Night Stroop, and Delayed Gratification tests. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for sex, age, maternal education, socioeconomic status, quality of the home environment, and quality of the school environment using the stepwise method were executed, considering the cognitive tasks as independent variables and gross motor skills as dependent variable. RESULTS: The overweight/obese preschoolers showed worse locomotor skills than their eutrophic peers and below average gross motor quotient (GMQ). Overweight/obese girls performed worse in OC skills than boys with excess weight. SVF (number of errors) and TH (rule breaks) explained 57.8% of the variance in object control (OC) skills and 40.5% of the variance in GMQ (p < .05) in the overweight/obese children. Surprisingly, there was no significant association between any of the EF tasks and gross motor skills in the eutrophic children. CONCLUSION: A relationship between EF tasks (number of errors in SVF and rule breaks in TH) and gross motor skills (OC and GMQ) was demonstrated in the overweight/obese preschoolers, indicating that worse cognitive flexibility, working memory, planning, and problem solving are associated with worse gross motor skills in this population when compared to eutrophic children.

Coping in the Covid-19 pandemia: how different resources and strategies can be risk or protective factors to mental health in the Brazilian population.

OBJECTIVE: The present study's objective was to investigate the pandemic's impact on mental health and identify variables that can increase or decrease the chances of stress, anxiety, and depression, in both a sample with and one without self-reported mental health issues, in a Brazilian population. DESIGN: a cross-sectional quantitative study. Data were collected online in May and June of 2020. Participated 1130 adults between 18-78 years old (mean = 37.46 years, SD = 12.18), from 20 Brazilian states, with an average of 58.61 days (SD = 23.2) of social distancing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, characterization of social distancing, and Coping strategies. RESULTS: A significantly higher prevalence of severe depression was found in those who practiced social distancing. Multinomial logistic regressions identified the explanatory model with risk and protection variables to mental health. For the group without a previous mental health diagnosis, using confrontation (OR = 1.39, CI95% 1.23-1.58) and escape strategies (OR = 1.48, CI95% 1.19-1.84) increases the odds of presenting severe depression, while positive reappraisal (OR = 0.85, IC95% 0.78-0.93) and problem-solving (OR = 0.75, CI95% 0.63--0.88) were protective factors. In the group with mental disorders, using confrontation (OR = 1.33, CI95% 1.10-1.60) and escape strategies (OR = 1.49, CI95% 1.12-1.98) were also risk factors for severe depression and no coping protective factors were found. CONCLUSIONS: Problem-solving and positive reappraisal were protective strategies that potentially reduced the odds of presenting depression and anxiety, but only in people without a previous mental health diagnosis. Public policies must offer psychological support to the most vulnerable, as well as orientation based on scientific evidence, aiming at improving quality of life.

Waist circumference as high blood pressure predictor in school age children.

Childhood hypertension is becoming more common with the increasing numbers of child obesity, which has encouraged new studies to identify a good anthropometric marker for high blood pressure levels. The objective this study was to identify the best anthropometric predictor of risk of hypertension in children between 8-10 years of age. The Children were evaluated for socioeconomic status and their blood pressure (BP), weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and percentage of body fat (PBF) were measured. The study included 445 children, of which 50.1% were females. The prevalence of obesity defined by body mass index (BMI) was 14.6%. Increased BP was found in 3.4% and 2.2% of the children, considering the pre-hypertension and hypertension classifications respectively. The arithmetic mean of BP value correlated significantly with BMI, WC and PBF. After height control, the correlations that were maintained significant were between WC and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and between WC and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The variable with the highest predictive power of the occurrence of hypertension was WC. The results indicate that, in this population of children between 8 and 10 years old, WC is a measurement of higher value in predicting increased BP.

Waist circumference as high blood pressure predictor in school age children / Circunferência da cintura como preditora da pressão arterial elevada em escolares

Abstract Childhood hypertension is becoming more common with the increasing numbers of child obesity, which has encouraged new studies to identify a good anthropometric marker for high blood pressure levels. The objective this study was to identify the best anthropometric predictor of risk of hypertension in children between 8-10 years of age. The Children were evaluated for socioeconomic status and their blood pressure (BP), weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and percentage of body fat (PBF) were measured. The study included 445 children, of which 50.1% were females. The prevalence of obesity defined by body mass index (BMI) was 14.6%. Increased BP was found in 3.4% and 2.2% of the children, considering the pre-hypertension and hypertension classifications respectively. The arithmetic mean of BP value correlated significantly with BMI, WC and PBF. After height control, the correlations that were maintained significant were between WC and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and between WC and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The variable with the highest predictive power of the occurrence of hypertension was WC. The results indicate that, in this population of children between 8 and 10 years old, WC is a measurement of higher value in predicting increased BP.

Resumo A hipertensão na infância está aumentando com a epidemia de obesidade infantil, o que tem incentivado estudos para identificar um bom marcador antropométrico dos níveis pressóricos aumentados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar o melhor preditor antropométrico de risco de hipertensão arterial em crianças entre 8 e 10 anos de idade. Foi realizada avaliação socioeconômica e aferidos pressão arterial (PA), peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura (CC) e percentual de gordura corporal (%GC). Das 445 crianças que participaram do estudo, 50,1% eram do sexo feminino. A prevalência de obesidade definida pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi 14,6%. A PA aumentada foi observada em 3,4% e 2,2% das crianças, considerando as classificações pré-hipertensão e hipertensão, respectivamente. As médias dos valores pressóricos correlacionaram-se significativamente com IMC, CC, e %GC e, após o controle da estatura, as correlações que se mantiveram significativas foram entre CC e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e CC e pressão arterial diastólica (PAD). A variável que apresentou maior poder preditivo da ocorrência de hipertensão foi a CC. Os resultados indicam que na população estudada de crianças entre 8 e 10 anos de idade a CC é uma medida de valor superior para predizer PA aumentada.

Dental caries and quality of life of preschool children: discriminant validity of the ECOHIS

The aim of the present study was to confirm the discriminant validity (obtained using traditional statistical methods) of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) between preschool children with and without caries (mean score) through an evaluation of the effect size. A systematic search of electronic databases and a manual search were performed for studies published up to December 2015 involving the use of the ECOHIS for the evaluation of the impact of dental caries on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among preschool children. Two independent raters performed the selection of the studies and data extraction. Only papers published in English and Spanish were selected. No restrictions were imposed regarding the year of publication. Twelve studies were included, and the magnitude of standardized differences between the means of the "without caries" and "with caries" groups was calculated using Cohen's d. Most studies demonstrated a large magnitude in the difference between the groups evaluated. The estimate of the effect size confirmed the discriminant validity of the ECOHIS obtained through traditional statistics. Thus, the magnitude of the difference should be considered an important analytical tool for the confirmation of statistical findings regarding null hypotheses and demonstrates the clinical significance of these research results.

Dental caries and quality of life of preschool children: discriminant validity of the ECOHIS

Abstract The aim of the present study was to confirm the discriminant validity (obtained using traditional statistical methods) of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) between preschool children with and without caries (mean score) through an evaluation of the effect size. A systematic search of electronic databases and a manual search were performed for studies published up to December 2015 involving the use of the ECOHIS for the evaluation of the impact of dental caries on oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL) among preschool children. Two independent raters performed the selection of the studies and data extraction. Only papers published in English and Spanish were selected. No restrictions were imposed regarding the year of publication. Twelve studies were included, and the magnitude of standardized differences between the means of the “without caries” and “with caries” groups was calculated using Cohen’s d. Most studies demonstrated a large magnitude in the difference between the groups evaluated. The estimate of the effect size confirmed the discriminant validity of the ECOHIS obtained through traditional statistics. Thus, the magnitude of the difference should be considered an important analytical tool for the confirmation of statistical findings regarding null hypotheses and demonstrates the clinical significance of these research results.

Retrospective evaluation of tooth injuries and associated factors at a hospital emergency ward.

BACKGROUND: The aim of study was to determine the occurrence of tooth injuries and associated factors among patients treated at a hospital emergency ward. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving the analysis of 790 patient charts. The independent variables were gender, place of residence and type of accident. The dependent variable was tooth injury (fractures, concussion, luxation and avulsion). Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test, Poisson analysis and logistic regression. Explanatory variables with a p-value < 0.20 in the bivariate analysis were incorporated into the multivariate model. RESULTS: A total of 681 (86.2 %) patients had tooth injury, among whom 159 (20.1 %) had tooth fractures. Tooth concussion was associated with residence in urban areas (PR = 1.635; 95 % CI: 1.199-2.230), the male gender (PR = 1.673; 95 % CI: 1.225-2.285), violence (PR = 1.940; 95 % CI: 1.263-2.982) and sports (PR = 1.863; 95 % CI: 1.287-2.696). The prevalence rate of tooth fracture was higher among individuals having suffered a motorcycle (PR = 1.597; 95 % CI: 1.295-1.968) or bicycle accident (PR = 1.484; 95 % CI: 1.245-1.769). Victims of bicycle accidents had a 42.6-fold greater chance of suffering luxation (95 % CI: 20.917-86.808) and a threefold greater chance of suffering avulsion (95 % CI: 1.620-5.848). Victims of motorcycle accidents had a 2.96-fold greater chance of suffering avulsion (95 % CI: 1.471-5.937). CONCLUSIONS: In the study, concussion was the most frequent type of tooth injury. Motorcycle and bicycle accidents were associated with tooth fractures, luxation and avulsion, whereas sports and violence were associated with dental concussion. The findings on tooth injuries can contribute to public health policies regarding the prevention and health promotion measures.

Risco de contrair HIV entre usuários de motéis diante de suas práticas sexuais / Risk of HIV infection between motels users associated to their sexual practices

A importância do uso do preservativo nas relações sexuais já é de domínio público,porém,esse conhecimento nem sempre leva ao uso. Este estudo teve o objetivo de verificar a percepção de usuários de motéis sobre o risco para contrair HIV diante de suas práticas sexuais. Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado em dois motéis de dois municípios do interior de Minas Gerais com uma amostra de 308 indivíduos. Foram realizados testes estatísticos bivariados (qui-quadrado e teste tpara amostras independentes) e multivariados (Regressão logística). Encontraram-se 42,5% dos participantes com idade entre 18 e 25 anos. Em todos os tipos de relação sexual, existe pouca ounenhuma dificuldade em propor o uso do preservativo ao parceiro em mais de 80% dos participantes. A quantidade de parceiros sexuais foi o principal fator explicativo para a percepção sobre o risco de contrair HIV. Entretanto, a percepção sobre o risco de contrair HIV não estava associada ao uso de preservativos. Conclui-se que a percepção sobre o risco de contrair HIV não influenciou no comportamento de prevenção.

The importance of using condoms during sexual intercourse is already in the public domain however this knowledge does not always lead to the use. This study aimed to verify the perception of users of motels on the risk of contracting HIV on their sexual practices. It is a cross-sectional study conducted in two motels in two municipalities in Minas Gerais with a sample of 308 individuals. Bivariate statistical tests were performed (chi-square and ttest for independent samples) and multivariate (logistic regression). 42.5% of the participants are aged 18 to 25 years. In all types of intercourse, there is little or zero difficulty in proposing the use of condoms to the partner in more than 80% of participants. The number of sexual partners was the main reason for the perception of the risk of contracting HIV. However, the perception of the risk of HIV infection was not associated to condom use. It is concluded that the perception of the risk of contracting HIV did not influence the behavior of prevention.

La importancia del uso de preservativos durante las relaciones sexuales ya está en el dominio público, sin embargo este conocimiento no siempre conduce a la utilización. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la percepción de los usuarios de moteles sobre el riesgo de contraer el VIH en sus prácticas sexuales. Este es un estudio transversal realizado en dos moteles en dos municipios de Minas Gerais, con una muestra de 308 individuos. Fueron realizados testes estadísticos bivariados(chi-cuadrado y la prueba tpara muestras independientes) y multivariados(regresión logística). El 42,5% de los participantes tienen entre 18 y 25 años. En todo tipo de relaciones sexuales, hay poca o ninguna dificultad en proponer el uso del condón en más del 80% de los participantes. El número de parejas sexuales fue el principal factor explicativo de la percepción del riesgo de contraer el VIH. Sin embargo, la percepción del riesgo de contraer el VIH no se asoció con el uso del condón. Llegamos a la conclusión de que la percepción del riesgo de contraer el VIH no influyó en la prevención de la conducta.

Pattern of oral-maxillofacial trauma stemming from interpersonal physical violence and determinant factors.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Facial trauma is among the most common types of injury. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and pattern of oral-maxillofacial trauma stemming from interpersonal physical violence (IPV) and determine whether IPV is factor associated with oral-maxillofacial trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 790 complete patient charts for data on the type of IPV for the gender, area of residence (urban or rural), age and type of trauma. Statistical analysis involved the chi-squared test (P < 0.05), univariate/multivariate Poisson, and logistic regression (P < 0.20). Type of oral-maxillofacial trauma was the dependent variable. Socio-demographic status and type of IPV were the independent variables. RESULTS: One hundred forty (17.7%) individuals had oral-maxillofacial injuries stemming from IPV [80 (10.1%) due to urban violence (UV) and 42 (5.3%) due to domestic violence (DV)]. DV was more prevalent among females (69%), and UV was more prevalent among males (67.5%). The most common types of trauma were facial contusion and laceration, dental concussion, and mandibular fracture. Age and UV were explanatory factors for mandibular fracture. Females from rural areas and who suffered DV were more likely to exhibit facial contusion and dental concussion. CONCLUSIONS: Interpersonal physical violence was identified as a factor associated with oral-maxillofacial trauma, specifically mandibular fracture, facial contusion, and dental concussion.

Explaining school mathematics performance from symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude processing: similarities and differences between typical and low-achieving children

Magnitude processing is one of the most central cognitive mechanisms that underlie persistent mathematics difficulties. No consensus has yet been reached about whether these difficulties can be predominantly attributed to deficits in symbolic or nonsymbolic magnitude processing. To investigate this issue, we assessed symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude representations in children with low or typical achievement in school mathematics. Response latencies and the distance effect were comparable between groups in both symbolic and nonsymbolic tasks. The results indicated that both typical and low achievers were able to access magnitude representation via symbolic and nonsymbolic processing. However, low achievers presented higher error rates than typical achievers, especially in the nonsymbolic task. Furthermore, measures of nonsymbolic magnitude explained individual differences in school mathematics better than measures of symbolic magnitude when considering all of the children together. When examining the groups separately, symbolic magnitude representation explained differences in school mathematics in low achievers but not in typical achievers. These results suggest that symbolic magnitude is more relevant to solving arithmetic problems when mathematics achievement is particularly low. In contrast, individual differences in nonsymbolic processing appear to be related to mathematics achievement in a more general manner.(AU)

Explaining school mathematics performance from symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude processing: similarities and differences between typical and low-achieving children

Magnitude processing is one of the most central cognitive mechanisms that underlie persistent mathematics difficulties. No consensus has yet been reached about whether these difficulties can be predominantly attributed to deficits in symbolic or nonsymbolic magnitude processing. To investigate this issue, we assessed symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude representations in children with low or typical achievement in school mathematics. Response latencies and the distance effect were comparable between groups in both symbolic and nonsymbolic tasks. The results indicated that both typical and low achievers were able to access magnitude representation via symbolic and nonsymbolic processing. However, low achievers presented higher error rates than typical achievers, especially in the nonsymbolic task. Furthermore, measures of nonsymbolic magnitude explained individual differences in school mathematics better than measures of symbolic magnitude when considering all of the children together. When examining the groups separately, symbolic magnitude representation explained differences in school mathematics in low achievers but not in typical achievers. These results suggest that symbolic magnitude is more relevant to solving arithmetic problems when mathematics achievement is particularly low. In contrast, individual differences in nonsymbolic processing appear to be related to mathematics achievement in a more general manner.

Risk factors associated with facial fractures.

The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors for facial fractures in patients treated in the emergency department of a hospital. The medical charts of 1121 patients treated in an emergency ward over a three-year period were analyzed. The independent variables were gender, age, place of residence (urban or rural area) and type of accident. The dependent variables were fractured mandible, zygoma, maxilla, nasal bone and more than one fractured facial bone. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test (a < 0.05), univariate and multivariate Poisson distributions and the logistic regression analysis (p < 0.20). Maxillofacial trauma was recorded in 790 charts (70.5%), with 393 (35.1%) charts reporting facial fractures. Motorcycle accidents were found to be the main risk factor for mandibular fractures (PR = 1.576, CI = 1.402-1.772) and simultaneous fractures of more than one facial bone (OR = 4.625, CI = 1.888-11.329) as well as the only risk factor for maxillary bone fractures (OR = 11.032, CI = 5.294-22.989). Fractures of the zygomatic and nasal bones were mainly associated with accidents involving animals (PR = 1.206, CI = 1.104-1.317) and sports (OR = 8.710, CI = 4.006-18.936), respectively. The determinant for the majority of facial fractures was motorcycle accidents, followed by accidents involving animals and sports.

Aspectos linguísticos envolvidos na habilidade de transcodificar entre diferentes representações de número / Linguistic aspects involved in the ability to transcode between different representations of number

A habilidade de transcodificação numérica (TN) entre as diferentes representações (verbal-oral, arábica etc.) é fundamental para a realização de atividades aritméticas complexas. Entretanto, os mecanismos subjacentes à TN em língua portuguesa ainda são pouco compreendidos. Assim, investiga-se a existência de processos linguísticos envolvidos na habilidade de TN. Participaram 391 escolares entre 7 e 12 anos, dos quais foram coletadas informações sobre o desempenho em decodificação grafo-fonêmica, por meio do Teste de Desempenho Escolar – TDE – e em transcodificação numérica, através das tarefas de leitura e de ditado de números. Os participantes foram divididos em grupos Controle e Desempenho Inferior em Decodificação Fonêmica, conforme o TDE. Os dados foram tratados por meio de análises frequentistas simples, correlacionais de Pearson e de magnitude do efeito de Cohen, e através de análises de erros em TN baseadas em categorias propostas para outros idiomas. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de a TN ser de natureza semiótica, sofrer influência do desempenho em habilidades linguísticas basilares, além de apontarem a existência de determinados padrões de processamento cognitivo em TN que podem ser universais e de outros que podem ser específicos da língua portuguesa

Risk factors associated with facial fractures

The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors for facial fractures in patients treated in the emergency department of a hospital. The medical charts of 1121 patients treated in an emergency ward over a three-year period were analyzed. The independent variables were gender, age, place of residence (urban or rural area) and type of accident. The dependent variables were fractured mandible, zygoma, maxilla, nasal bone and more than one fractured facial bone. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test (a < 0.05), univariate and multivariate Poisson distributions and the logistic regression analysis (p < 0.20). Maxillofacial trauma was recorded in 790 charts (70.5%), with 393 (35.1%) charts reporting facial fractures. Motorcycle accidents were found to be the main risk factor for mandibular fractures (PR = 1.576, CI = 1.402-1.772) and simultaneous fractures of more than one facial bone (OR = 4.625, CI = 1.888-11.329) as well as the only risk factor for maxillary bone fractures (OR = 11.032, CI = 5.294-22.989). Fractures of the zygomatic and nasal bones were mainly associated with accidents involving animals (PR = 1.206, CI = 1.104-1.317) and sports (OR = 8.710, CI = 4.006-18.936), respectively. The determinant for the majority of facial fractures was motorcycle accidents, followed by accidents involving animals and sports.

Aspectos linguísticos envolvidos na habilidade de transcodificar entre diferentes representações de número / Linguistic aspects involved in the ability to transcode between different representations of number

A habilidade de transcodificação numérica (TN) entre as diferentes representações (verbal-oral, arábica etc.) é fundamental para a realização de atividades aritméticas complexas. Entretanto, os mecanismos subjacentes à TN em língua portuguesa ainda são pouco compreendidos. Assim, investiga-se a existência de processos linguísticos envolvidos na habilidade de TN. Participaram 391 escolares entre 7 e 12 anos, dos quais foram coletadas informações sobre o desempenho em decodificação grafo-fonêmica, por meio do Teste de Desempenho Escolar – TDE – e em transcodificação numérica, através das tarefas de leitura e de ditado de números. Os participantes foram divididos em grupos Controle e Desempenho Inferior em Decodificação Fonêmica, conforme o TDE. Os dados foram tratados por meio de análises frequentistas simples, correlacionais de Pearson e de magnitude do efeito de Cohen, e através de análises de erros em TN baseadas em categorias propostas para outros idiomas. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de a TN ser de natureza semiótica, sofrer influência do desempenho em habilidades linguísticas basilares, além de apontarem a existência de determinados padrões de processamento cognitivo em TN que podem ser universais e de outros que podem ser específicos da língua portuguesa.

Velocidade de processamento, sintomas depressivos e memória de trabalho: comparação entre idosos e portadores de esclerose múltipla / Processing speed, depressive symptoms and working memory: a comparison between aging individuals and multiple sclerosis patients

A esclerose múltipla (EM) e o envelhecimento normal comprometem a substância branca hemisférica, causando déficits neuropsicológicos na função executiva, memória de trabalho (MT) e velocidade de processamento de informação (VPI). Foram investigadas as hipóteses: (a) a VPI pode constituir um fator determinante dos déficits de MT em pacientes com EM e idosos, e (b) sintomas depressivos auto-relatados podem agravar os déficits cognitivos de pacientes com EM. Participaram do estudo 31 pacientes com EM sem depressão, 36 portadores de EM deprimidos, 108 controles demograficamente comparáveis e 100 idosos da comunidade. Os grupos tiveram seus desempenhos comparados em uma escala de auto-relato para depressão e em uma bateria de testes para MT. Os resultados mostraram que o desempenho em MT depende da VPI, dos sintomas depressivos, da idade e da escolaridade dos indivíduos, variáveis que interagem de formas complexas.

Damage to the hemispheric white matter is observed both in multiple sclerosis (MS) and normal aging, causing neuropsychological deficits in tasks of executive function, working memory (WM), and speed of information processing (SPEED). In this study two main hypotheses were investigated: (a) that SPEED may constitute a determining factor of WM impairment in MS patients and in aging individuals; (b) that self-reported depressive symptoms may aggravate cognitive deficits in MS patients. The study investigated 31 elderly MS patients without depression, 36 depressed ones, 108 demographically comparable controls and 100 community recruited senior participants. Performance of the groups was compared on a self-report measure of depression and on a WM test battery. Results showed that WM performance depends on SPEED, depressive symptoms, age, and schooling - variables which interact in complex ways.

Velocidade de processamento, sintomas depressivos e memória de trabalho: comparação entre idosos e portadores de esclerose múltipla / Processing speed, depressive symptoms and working memory: a comparison between aging individuals and multiple sclerosis patients

A esclerose múltipla (EM) e o envelhecimento normal comprometem a substância branca hemisférica, causando déficits neuropsicológicos na função executiva, memória de trabalho (MT) e velocidade de processamento de informação (VPI). Foram investigadas as hipóteses: (a) a VPI pode constituir um fator determinante dos déficits de MT em pacientes com EM e idosos, e (b) sintomas depressivos auto-relatados podem agravar os déficits cognitivos de pacientes com EM. Participaram do estudo 31 pacientes com EM sem depressão, 36 portadores de EM deprimidos, 108 controles demograficamente comparáveis e 100 idosos da comunidade. Os grupos tiveram seus desempenhos comparados em uma escala de auto-relato para depressão e em uma bateria de testes para MT. Os resultados mostraram que o desempenho em MT depende da VPI, dos sintomas depressivos, da idade e da escolaridade dos indivíduos, variáveis que interagem de formas complexas.(AU)

Damage to the hemispheric white matter is observed both in multiple sclerosis (MS) and normal aging, causing neuropsychological deficits in tasks of executive function, working memory (WM), and speed of information processing (SPEED). In this study two main hypotheses were investigated: (a) that SPEED may constitute a determining factor of WM impairment in MS patients and in aging individuals; (b) that self-reported depressive symptoms may aggravate cognitive deficits in MS patients. The study investigated 31 elderly MS patients without depression, 36 depressed ones, 108 demographically comparable controls and 100 community recruited senior participants. Performance of the groups was compared on a self-report measure of depression and on a WM test battery. Results showed that WM performance depends on SPEED, depressive symptoms, age, and schooling - variables which interact in complex ways.(AU)

Linguagem e matemática: estudo sobre relações entre habilidades cognitivas linguísticas e aritméticas / Language and mathematic: a study about relations between cognitive abilities linguistics and arithmetics

O interesse pelas relações cognitivas entre a linguagem e a matemática tem direcionado grande número de pesquisas. Ainda não há consenso sobre a presença dessa relação, de modo que alguns teóricos concebem a matemática como uma abstração da linguagem, outros assentem que a matemática independe da linguagem e um terceiro grupo postula que existe interdependência entre as duas em determinadas situações. Este estudo parte da última hipótese e investiga a existência de relações entre habilidades cognitivas linguísticas e aritméticas, por meio de análises de tarefas que avaliam tais habilidades. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelos comitês de ética da UFOP e UFMG. Participaram 1431 alunos entre o 2º e o 7º ano de escolas públicas e privadas de três municípios da região central do estado de Minas Gerais. Os escolares foram submetidos ao Teste de Desempenho Escolar, tarefas de cálculos de adição e multiplicação, tarefas de transcodificação numérica e teste de fluência verbal semântica. Os resultados encontrados através do cálculo de coeficiente de correlação de Pearson indicaram correlações positivas e significativas, variando de baixas a muito fortes, entre todas as tarefas. As análises referentes às habilidades de transcodificação numérica mostraram que essa habilidade parece ter componentes cognitivos muito semelhantes ao da decodificação grafo-fonêmica. Conforme revelaram as análises estatísticas é possível que haja relações entre as habilidades cognitivas linguísticas e as aritméticas.